Overview
Looping allows you to run a group of statements repeatedly. Some loops repeat statements until a condition is False; others repeat statements until a condition is True. There are also loops that repeat statements a specific number of times.
The following looping statements are available in Python:
for- Uses a counter or loops through a each item in a list a specified number of times.while- Loops while a condition is True.- Nested loops - Repeats a group of statements for each item in a collection or each element of an array.
Loop statements use a very specific syntax. Unlike other languages, Python does not use an end statement for its loop syntax. The initial Loop statement is followed by a colon : symbol. Then the next line will be indented by 4 spaces. It is these spaces to the left of the line that is key.
for c in range(0, 3):
This is the the loop
This is a second line and the last line of the for loop
This line is not part of the loop. It is the first line in the rest of the script.
.....
Each subsequent lone in the loop also needs to be indented by 4 or more spaces. If a line is not indented it is considered outside the loop and will also terminate any additional lines considered in the loop. A common mistake is remove the spaces and therefore prematurely end the loop.
For Loop
You can use for statements to run a block of statements a specific number of times.
Using Python to loop through each item in any type of list based structure is very easy.
For loops, use a counter variable whose value increases or decreases with each repetition of the loop.
The following example causes a procedure to execute 4 times. The for statement specifies the counter variable x and its start and end values. Python will automatically increments the counter (x) variable by 1 after coming to end of the execution block.
for x in range(0, 3):
print ("We're on loop " + str(x))
Python can use any iterable method as a the for loop counter. In the case above we are using range(). Other iterable objects can be lists or a string. You can also create you own iterable objects if needed.
Sometimes it is required to increase or decrease the counter variable by the value you specify. In the following example, the counter variable j is incremented by 2 each time the loop repeats. When the loop is finished, the total is the sum of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8.
for j in range(0, 10, 2):
print ("We're on loop " + str(j))
To decrease the counter variable, use a negative range value. You must specify an end value that is less than the start value. In the following example, the counter variable j is decreased by 2 each time the loop repeats. When the loop is finished, total is the sum of 10, 8, 6, 4, and 2.
for j in range(10, 0, -2):
print ("We're on loop " + str(j))
You can exit any for statement before the counter reaches its end value by using the break statement. Because you usually want to exit only in certain situations, such as when an error occurs, you could also use the if statement in the True statement block. If the condition is False, the loop runs as usual.
More information on the for loop can be found at the Python.org For Loops article.
While Loop
Use the while loop to check a condition before each execution of the loop.
var1 = 2
while var1 < 32:
var1 = var1 * 2
print var1
print ("Exited while loop.")
while loops are not used as much as for loops. But while loops are used often in in cases the following way, polling for specific input or a loop that will execute forever until a condition is met:
while True:
n = raw_input("Please enter 'hello':")
if n.strip() == 'hello':
break
As you can see, this compacts the whole thing into a piece of code managed entirely by the while loop. Having True as a condition ensures that the code runs until it’s broken by n.strip() equaling ‘hello’.
More information on the while loop can be found at the Python.org While Loop article.
Nested Loops
Python allows for loops to be nested inside one another. Any type of loop can be nested within any other type of loop.
for x in range(0, 100):
if x % 2 == 0:
print (str(x) + " is an even number.")
